World Geography

First Settlers in to North America

• nomads from Asia


• more than 13,000 years ago


• spread along pacific coast


• developed separate cultures


• occupied land, undisturbed til more settlers came

First Permanent European Settlement

• Spanish came 1st


• 1565- founded St. Augustine, Florida (the oldes permanent European settlement in the U.S.)


• they were searching for gold

French and English Settlers

• France was interested in fisheries & fur trade


• setled along the northern Atlantic Coast & St. Lawrence River in the early 1600's


• the English settled about the same time in the south


• 1st permanent settlement in 1607-Jamestown, Virgina

Great Britain in Control

• short-lived, people resented the policies forced on them


• protests led to the American Revolution: 1775-1783

America's Government

• purchased land known as the Louisiana Purchase in 1803


• doubled the nation's size

Immigrants from Western Europe

• arrived in early 1800's


• settled in cities Northeast


• moved to rich farmlands in the Midwest

Sectionalism

• people placing loyalty to their region/section above nation


• tensions between North & South led to the Civil War: 1861-1865

Westward Movement

• wagons on Oregon Trails & others moved west


• crossed prairie, plains, desert & mountains

White Settlers

• U.S. gov. removed Native Americans by treaty & force


• completed 1st transcontinental railroad in 1869


• people to west & products/livestock went east


• in 1890 17 million settled between the Pacific & the Mississippi River

Rural to Urban America

• immigrants & Americans came to cities to work in textile, steel, oil, food processing & other industries


• rural/agriculture to urban/industrialized

Self-sufficient America

• farms grew food necessary for survival & factories produced the manufactured goods it needed
• self-sufficient because of ample natural & human resources

Avoiding Foreign Affairs

• protected from involvement by 2 oceans
• after WWII in 1945 it changed
• only major nation to escape physical damage & had healthy economy

America's Social Unrest

• people migrated to suburbs
• some left for warmer climates
• civil rights movement for African Americans (1960's-1970's)
• feminists & protests against involvement with communism in Vietnam (1955-1975)

Economy Boom

• boomed despite depression or recession
• changes in technology altered the way goods were produced
• computers revolutionalized the workplace
• providing service & information technology surpassed industrial production in importance
• became the world's greatest economic power

U.S. Becomes Leader of Non-communist Nations

• goal: to stop the spread of communism
• a competition for world influence during the Cold War (1945-1991)
• communism in Europe collapsed in 1991 & the U.S. became the world's sole super-power

UNITED STATES EMERGED AS THE WOLRD'S SOLE SUPERPOWER

Biology

Unifying Themes of Biology

• Cellular Structure and Function- all living things are made of one or more cells, which are tiny organized structures capable of all life functions
• Reproduction- all living things can reproduce or make more of their own kind from one generation to the next; reproduction is an essential part of living
• Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.
• Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in external environment; an organism unable to maintain its homeostasis could and most likely will become ill and die
• Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring (the reason children tend to resemble their parents)- a gene is the basic unit of heredity, which are coded in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Evolution- change in the inherited characteristics of species (or a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring) over generations
• Interdependence- when organisms interact and depend on each other to survive, they are part of an interdependence community

The difference between hypothesis and theory is a hypothesis is an educated guess while a theory is a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists. A theory unites a broad range of observations.

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus or the core of an atom, while an electron cloud surrounds it.

An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

A compound is a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements.

A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds, which means atoms share electrons.

Hydrogen bond is a weak chemical attraction between polar molecules. The negative end of one molecule is attracted to the positive end and the positive end to the negative end.