- The distance from the border between the United States & Mexico reaches down to Tierra del Fuego at the southern-most tip of South America, a distance of about 7,000 miles.
- The Andes Mountains of the South American continent are part of a chain of mountain ranges that run through the western portion of North, Central, and South America. This range is called the Rockies in the United States, the Sierra Madre in Mexico, and the Andes in South America. It acts as a natural barrier and home to some of the most important civilizations in the hemisphere, including the Inca in Peru.
- Highlands are made up of the mountainous or hilly sections of a country. The highlands of Latin America include parts of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil.
- South America has wide plains that have rich soil for growing crops and plenty of grasslands for grazing livestocks.
- Llanos, cerrados, and pampas are all used for farming or grazing livestocks.
- South America has three major river systems, the Orinoco River (which is mainly in Venezuela), the Amazon River (the 2nd longest river in the world), and the Parana River (traveling 3,000 miles, originating from southern Brazil).
- The Caribbean Islands is made up of three major groups: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas.
- The Greater Antilles: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. The island of Hispaniola is divided between the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
- The Lesser Antilles: smaller islands southeast of Puerto Rico, divided into the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands.
- Latin America has a large supply of natural resources such as gold, silver, iron, copper, bauxite (aluminum ore), tin, lead, and nickel. Plus, there are mines throughout the region and produce precious gems, titanium, and tungsten.
- South America is one of the world's leaders in the mining of raw materials. Many of these resources are exported to other parts of the world.
- Oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, and hydroelectric power are all plentiful in Latin America.
- Venezuela and Mexico have major oil reserves, and Brazil is rich in hydroelectric power because of its many rivers and waterfalls. It's also rich in oil and gas.
- Latin America has a very varied climate and vegetation: tropical climate zones with rain forests, dry climate zones, and mid-latitude climate zones.
- To clear fields, Native peoples use the slash-and-burn technique, where they cut down trees, brushes, and shrubs and burning the ashes. Then they use the cleared field to grow crops. This technique receives limited success.
- Another technique related to farming is terraced farming. This is an ancient technique for growing crops on mountain slopes and hillsides, cutting step-like, horizontal fields in the the sides to prevent erosion.
- Cities are rapidly growing in Latin America.
- Tourism is increasing. It helps business in hotels, restaurants, boutiques, and other businesses. The disadvantages are pollution, and heavy traffic, not to mention large debts that are created by borrowing money in order to build tourist facilities.
Sunday, December 7, 2008
World Geography
Latin America
Saturday, November 29, 2008
World Geography
First Settlers in to North America
- nomads from Asia
- more than 13,000 years ago
- spread along pacific coast
- developed separate cultures
- occupied land, undisturbed til more settlers came
First Permanent European Settlement
- Spanish came 1st
- 1565- founded St. Augustine, Florida (the oldes permanent European settlement in the U.S.)
- they were searching for gold
French and English Settlers
- France was interested in fisheries & fur trade
- setled along the northern Atlantic Coast & St. Lawrence River in the early 1600's
- the English settled about the same time in the south
- 1st permanent settlement in 1607-Jamestown, Virgina
Great Britain in Control
- short-lived, people resented the policies forced on them
- protests led to the American Revolution: 1775-1783
America's Government
- purchased land known as the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
- doubled the nation's size
Immigrants from Western Europe
- arrived in early 1800's
- settled in cities Northeast
- moved to rich farmlands in the Midwest
Sectionalism
- people placing loyalty to their region/section above nation
- tensions between North & South led to the Civil War: 1861-1865
Westward Movement
- wagons on Oregon Trails & others moved west
- crossed prairie, plains, desert & mountains
White Settlers
- U.S. gov. removed Native Americans by treaty & force
- completed 1st transcontinental railroad in 1869
- people to west & products/livestock went east
- in 1890 17 million settled between the Pacific & the Mississippi River
Rural to Urban America
- immigrants & Americans came to cities to work in textile, steel, oil, food processing & other industries
- rural/agriculture to urban/industrialized
Self-sufficient America
- farms grew food necessary for survival & factories produced the manufactured goods it needed
- self-sufficient because of ample natural & human resources
Avoiding Foreign Affairs
- protected from involvement by 2 oceans
- after WWII in 1945 it changed
- only major nation to escape physical damage & had healthy economy
America's Social Unrest
- people migrated to suburbs
- some left for warmer climates
- civil rights movement for African Americans (1960's-1970's)
- feminists & protests against involvement with communism in Vietnam (1955-1975)
Economy Boom
- boomed despite depression or recession
- changes in technology altered the way goods were produced
- computers revolutionalized the workplace
- providing service & information technology surpassed industrial production in importance
- became the world's greatest economic power
U.S. Becomes Leader of Non-communist Nations
- goal: to stop the spread of communism
- a competition for world influence during the Cold War (1945-1991)
- communism in Europe collapsed in 1991 & the U.S. became the world's sole super-power
UNITED STATES EMERGED AS THE WOLRD'S SOLE SUPERPOWER
Sunday, November 9, 2008
Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology
- Cellular Structure and Function- all living things are made of one or more cells, which are tiny organized structures capable of all life functions
- Reproduction- all living things can reproduce or make more of their own kind from one generation to the next; reproduction is an essential part of living
- Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.
- Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in external environment; an organism unable to maintain its homeostasis could and most likely will become ill and die
- Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring (the reason children tend to resemble their parents)- a gene is the basic unit of heredity, which are coded in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Evolution- change in the inherited characteristics of species (or a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring) over generations
- Interdependence- when organisms interact and depend on each other to survive, they are part of an interdependence community
The difference between hypothesis and theory is a hypothesis is an educated guess while a theory is a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists. A theory unites a broad range of observations.
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus or the core of an atom, while an electron cloud surrounds it.
An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
A compound is a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements.
A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds, which means atoms share electrons.
Hydrogen bond is a weak chemical attraction between polar molecules. The negative end of one molecule is attracted to the positive end and the positive end to the negative end.
Thursday, October 30, 2008
Biology
Photocynthesis Notes
Energy: The ability to perform work
Work: The ability to change or move matter against other forces.
WHAT DO CELLS NEED ENERGY FOR?
Energy: The ability to perform work
Work: The ability to change or move matter against other forces.
WHAT DO CELLS NEED ENERGY FOR?
- active transport
- growth & development
- repair
- reproduction
HOW DO CELLS OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY?
Autotrophs: Cells or organisms that make their own food. Ex. plants, some protists, some prokaryotes
Heterotrophs: Cells or organisms that CAN NOT make their own food. Obtain energy by eating other organisms. Ex. animals, fungi, some protists
Note: auto. & hetero. synonymous to producer & consumer
Glucose: "the CELLULAR food"
- C(16)H(12)O(6)
- A simple monosaccharide
Cells break down glucose to make ATP
ATP: Adenosine TriPhosphate
- The energy molecule of cells
- It is the "fuel" cells use to function
Ecological Rules
- Everything is connected to everything else
- Everything must go somewhere
- Nature knows best
- There's no such thing as a free lunch
Ecological Pyramids
- Show the relationship between producers & consumers at different levels in an ecosystem
- At each level of the energy pyramid, 90% is "lost" Energy through heat, being eaten, digested & used to make ATP
- Remaining 10% energy can be transferred to the next highest trophic level
Food Chains: shows the series of steps through which energy is transferred
The sun is the ultimate source of energy for ecological pyramids-providing energy to autotrophs to produce their own food!
WHERE DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKE PLACE IN THE CELL?
In the chloroplast: green organelle containing chlorophyll in which photosynthesis occurs
Light Dependent Reaction: (light is required)
- sunlight/radiant light must be present for this to occur
- takes place in the grana "green stacks of pancakes"
Wednesday, October 29, 2008
World Geography
Political, Urban and Economic Geography
Governmental units of the world can be described in either political or geographic terms. Generally, we use the political term state to describe an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs.
Nation refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.
All countries must choose a type of government. In a Democracy, citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives.
In a Monarchy, a ruling family holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies.
In a Dictatorship, an individual or group holds complete political power.
Communism is a system in which nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government.
Three geographic characteristics are important in describing a country: size, shape, and relative location.
Boundaries or borders set the limits of the territory controlled by a state. A natural boundary is based on physical features of the land, such as rivers, lakes, or mountain chains.
An artificial boundary is a straight line generally following latitude or longitude lines.
The three most common local units of government are cities, towns, and villages.
Today, almost half of the population of the world lives in cities. The built-up area around the central city may include suburbs, which are political units touching the borders of the central city or touching other suburbs that touch the city.
Smaller cities or towns with open land between them and the central city are called exurbs.
The city, its suburbs, and exurbs, link together economically to form a functional area called a metropolitan area.
The dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result are called urbanization.
Around the world, cities have certain geographic characteristics in common. Many cities are found in places that allow for good transportation, such as places on a river, lake or coast.
Urban geographers also study land use in cities. Basic land use patterns found in all cities are: residential, areas used for single-family housing and apartment buildings; industrial, areas reserved for manufacturing of goods; and commercial, areas used for private business and the buying and selling of retail products.
The core of a city is almost always based on commercial activity. This area of the city is called the central business district. (CBD)
The city is the center of a variety of functions. Five of these functions are: shopping, entertainment, government services, educational, and cultural activities.
An economy consists of the of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people.
In a traditional economy, people trade goods and services without exchanging money.
In a command economy, the production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production.
In a market economy, the production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers.
No matter how small or large a business is, it operates at one of four levels of economic activity. Primary activies involve gathering raw materials such as timber for immediate use or to use in the making of a final product; secondary activities involve adding value to materials by changing their form; tertiary activities furnish personal or professional services; quaternary activities provide information, management, and research services by highly trained persons.
When geographers study the economy of a country, they look closely at the location, quality, and quantity of its natural resources. They divide natural resources into three basic types. Renewable resources can be replaced through natural process, nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced once they have been removed from the ground and inexhaustible energy resources are used for producing power that are unlimited in quantity.
A nation's infrastructure consists of the basic support systems needed to keep and economy going.
Geographers use a variety of standards to make comparisons among economies. One is per capita income, the average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit.
A commonly used statistic to measure the economy of a country is the gross national product (GNP), the total of all goods and services produced by a country over a year or some other specified period of time.
The value of goods and services produced within a country in a period of time is referred as the gross domestic product. (GDP)
Governmental units of the world can be described in either political or geographic terms. Generally, we use the political term state to describe an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs.
Nation refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.
All countries must choose a type of government. In a Democracy, citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives.
In a Monarchy, a ruling family holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies.
In a Dictatorship, an individual or group holds complete political power.
Communism is a system in which nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government.
Three geographic characteristics are important in describing a country: size, shape, and relative location.
Boundaries or borders set the limits of the territory controlled by a state. A natural boundary is based on physical features of the land, such as rivers, lakes, or mountain chains.
An artificial boundary is a straight line generally following latitude or longitude lines.
The three most common local units of government are cities, towns, and villages.
Today, almost half of the population of the world lives in cities. The built-up area around the central city may include suburbs, which are political units touching the borders of the central city or touching other suburbs that touch the city.
Smaller cities or towns with open land between them and the central city are called exurbs.
The city, its suburbs, and exurbs, link together economically to form a functional area called a metropolitan area.
The dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result are called urbanization.
Around the world, cities have certain geographic characteristics in common. Many cities are found in places that allow for good transportation, such as places on a river, lake or coast.
Urban geographers also study land use in cities. Basic land use patterns found in all cities are: residential, areas used for single-family housing and apartment buildings; industrial, areas reserved for manufacturing of goods; and commercial, areas used for private business and the buying and selling of retail products.
The core of a city is almost always based on commercial activity. This area of the city is called the central business district. (CBD)
The city is the center of a variety of functions. Five of these functions are: shopping, entertainment, government services, educational, and cultural activities.
An economy consists of the of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people.
In a traditional economy, people trade goods and services without exchanging money.
In a command economy, the production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production.
In a market economy, the production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers.
No matter how small or large a business is, it operates at one of four levels of economic activity. Primary activies involve gathering raw materials such as timber for immediate use or to use in the making of a final product; secondary activities involve adding value to materials by changing their form; tertiary activities furnish personal or professional services; quaternary activities provide information, management, and research services by highly trained persons.
When geographers study the economy of a country, they look closely at the location, quality, and quantity of its natural resources. They divide natural resources into three basic types. Renewable resources can be replaced through natural process, nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced once they have been removed from the ground and inexhaustible energy resources are used for producing power that are unlimited in quantity.
A nation's infrastructure consists of the basic support systems needed to keep and economy going.
Geographers use a variety of standards to make comparisons among economies. One is per capita income, the average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit.
A commonly used statistic to measure the economy of a country is the gross national product (GNP), the total of all goods and services produced by a country over a year or some other specified period of time.
The value of goods and services produced within a country in a period of time is referred as the gross domestic product. (GDP)
English
Literary Terms
- Epic- A long narrative poem written in elevated style which presents the adventures of characters of high position and episodes which are important to the history of a race or nation
- Fable- A brief story which leads to a moral, often using animals as characters
- Figurative Language- Language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)
- Flashback- The insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative
- Foreshadowing- The presentation of material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work
- Frame Device- A story within a story
- Genre- A major category or type of literature
- Imagery- The use of figures of speech to create vivid images
- Irony- The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or incongruity between What is expected and what actually occurs
- Metaphor- A direct comparison of two different things
- Mood- The emotional atmosphere of a work; or, the author's emotional attitude toward the subject
- Myth- A traditional story presenting supernatural characters and episodes which help explain natural events
- Narrative- A story or narrated account
- Ominscient Narrator- A narrator who is able to know, see and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters
- Paradox- An apparently contradictory statement which actually contains some truth
- Paraphrase- A restatement of a text in a different form or in different words, often for the purpose of clarity
- Personification- Endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics
- Plot- The action of a narrative or drama
- Point of View- The vantage point from which a story is told
- Resolution- The falling action of a narrative; the events following the climax
Tuesday, October 28, 2008
Journalism
Sports Writing
Preparation for Sports Writing
Preparation for Sports Writing
- Backgrounding-finding out information about the sport, the team, the coaches, the events & the issues you'll be covering
- Read other articles
- Know the rules & statistics
- Know the coaches & players
- Conduct interview
- Get anecdotes or colorful stories
Pregame Stories
- Preview of upcoming game that compares team & players, discusses team records & gives lineups
- Capture anticipation & significance of the matchup
- Find an angle that the student body might not know about (school game)
- Interview, historical features, short human interest stories
Pregame Stories: Advances
- Lazy journalists only announces time & place, team records, statistics & a few quotations from coaches
- This formula-stale
- More emotion since the game will be old news by the time it's printed
Included In Advances
- Significance of matchup (ex. Will this game decide who will go to play-offs?)
- Team records, background of the rivalry & last year's score
- Key players, injuries & starting lineups
- Styles of play
Also remember to...
- Involve the community by including advances on minor sports
- Both male & female sports
- Promote pep rallies & halftime shows
- An activity draws more fans only if it's given more coverage
Coverage On-the-Scene Reporting
- Press row- a row of seats reserved for the press, usually courtside
- Press box- a group of seats with a good view of the entire field
- Job depends on the ability to see all of the action with minimum distractions
- Take fans where they normally can't go, the sidelines, field, practices & locker rooms
- Interview athletes & coaches
- Provide an insight into good & bad news, why a particular play, why fumble
- Report objectively
- Avoid "Homers"-favors the home team
- give brief description or explanation on the things that stands out-things that call for attention
- Key plays may call for more elaboration
- Get good quotations-ask tough questions even if it angers the coach or the player
Postgame: Writing the Story
- Capture emotion, develop it: include description & quotations. Make emotion the theme of your story. Describe the pure drama of the contest
- Make reader see your story
- Use all senses
- Instead of offering your opinion on how they must feel, ask players & put their quotations, show how they feel
Effective Sportswriters
- Use crisp, lively words-especially verbs-to describe action
- Vivid details & imaginative style
- Avoid jargon & cliches
Monday, October 27, 2008
Notes
A function is a relationship between input & output
Domain- set of #'s in an ordered pair, x's (x,y)
Range- 2nd # in ordered pairs, y's (x,y)
Inverse- switching x & y; ex. (2,3) inverse: (3,2)
Domain- set of #'s in an ordered pair, x's (x,y)
Range- 2nd # in ordered pairs, y's (x,y)
Inverse- switching x & y; ex. (2,3) inverse: (3,2)
Algebra I
Solving Multi-Step Equations
- Undo operations by working backwards in reverse order of operations
*get rid of any add/subtractions first using inverse operations
*write remaining equation
*get rid of any multi/divisions using inverse operations
Ex. 7m-17=60
7m-17+17=16+17
7m=77
7m/7=77/7
m=11
Check: 7(11)-17=60
Health
Ch. 8 Weight Management & Eating Behaviors
I. Food & Your Body Weight
a. What you eat & how much you eat are affected by hunger & appetite
i. Hunger is the body's physical response to the need for food
ii. Appetite is triggered by many factors: sight or smell, time of day or year
b. Personal choices as well as friends, traditions, ethnic background, availability of food, and emotions affect food choices
i. smell & taste
ii. Mood
iii. Family traditions, ethnic backgrounds
iv. Social & religious occasions
v. Health concerns
vi. Advertising & cost, availibility
c. Food Provides Energy
i. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, are energy giving nutrients
ii. Calories are the amount of energy in certain foods
iii. Calories needed depends on how much energy the body is using
iv. Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy needed to keep you alive
v. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day
d. Balancing energy intake with energy used
i. Overweight is the term used to describe a person who is heavy for his or her height. You're 10% over wht you should weigh for your body size & height
ii. Obesity is the condition in which there is an excess of body fat, 20% over what you should weigh for your own weight & height
II. Maintaining a Healthy Diet
a. The genes you inherit from your parents & your lifestyle choices determine your body size & shape
b. Body mass index is an of weight in relation to height that's used to assess healthy body weight.
c. Keeping body weight in the healthy range requires a plan that encourages healthy food choices & good exercise habits
d. Fad diets may cause initial weight loss but can be dangerous & do not promote behaviors for long term weight management
III. Eating Disorders
a. Individuals with eating disorders often have a distorted body image
b. Eating disorders are more common in teenage girls especially overachievers who have poor-self image & in athletes who must restrict their weight
c. Anorexia nervosa is an overwhelming fear of gaining weight & can result in self-starvation. Bulimia nervosa involves frequent bingeing & purging, which can cause many health problems
d. Eating disorders should be identified & treated early to avoid long-term health problems
IV. Preventing Food-Related Illness
a. Common digestive disorders include hearburn, ulcers, constipation, diarrhea, & flatulence
b. Diarrhea causes water loss & can result in dehydration which is very dangerous, especially to children & the elderly
c. A food allergy involves a reaction by the body's immune system to particular foods. A food intolerance may cause symptons similar to those of an allergic reaction, but it's not a specific immune reaction
d. Proper handling & storage of food can prevent a food-borne illness
I. Food & Your Body Weight
a. What you eat & how much you eat are affected by hunger & appetite
i. Hunger is the body's physical response to the need for food
ii. Appetite is triggered by many factors: sight or smell, time of day or year
b. Personal choices as well as friends, traditions, ethnic background, availability of food, and emotions affect food choices
i. smell & taste
ii. Mood
iii. Family traditions, ethnic backgrounds
iv. Social & religious occasions
v. Health concerns
vi. Advertising & cost, availibility
c. Food Provides Energy
i. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, are energy giving nutrients
ii. Calories are the amount of energy in certain foods
iii. Calories needed depends on how much energy the body is using
iv. Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy needed to keep you alive
v. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day
d. Balancing energy intake with energy used
i. Overweight is the term used to describe a person who is heavy for his or her height. You're 10% over wht you should weigh for your body size & height
ii. Obesity is the condition in which there is an excess of body fat, 20% over what you should weigh for your own weight & height
II. Maintaining a Healthy Diet
a. The genes you inherit from your parents & your lifestyle choices determine your body size & shape
b. Body mass index is an of weight in relation to height that's used to assess healthy body weight.
c. Keeping body weight in the healthy range requires a plan that encourages healthy food choices & good exercise habits
d. Fad diets may cause initial weight loss but can be dangerous & do not promote behaviors for long term weight management
III. Eating Disorders
a. Individuals with eating disorders often have a distorted body image
b. Eating disorders are more common in teenage girls especially overachievers who have poor-self image & in athletes who must restrict their weight
c. Anorexia nervosa is an overwhelming fear of gaining weight & can result in self-starvation. Bulimia nervosa involves frequent bingeing & purging, which can cause many health problems
d. Eating disorders should be identified & treated early to avoid long-term health problems
IV. Preventing Food-Related Illness
a. Common digestive disorders include hearburn, ulcers, constipation, diarrhea, & flatulence
b. Diarrhea causes water loss & can result in dehydration which is very dangerous, especially to children & the elderly
c. A food allergy involves a reaction by the body's immune system to particular foods. A food intolerance may cause symptons similar to those of an allergic reaction, but it's not a specific immune reaction
d. Proper handling & storage of food can prevent a food-borne illness
Friday, October 24, 2008
Health
I. What is Nutrition? It's the science or study of food & the ways in which the body uses food. It is also the study of how and why we make food choices. Nutrition is also the study of the nutrients food contains. Nutrients are substances in food that provide the body with energy, help it grow & help it repair itself.
II. A Balanced Diet Keeps You Healthy
A. Diet is everything you eat & drink
B. To stay alive & healthy a person must eat & drink the right amounts of nutrients
C. Too little: weight loss, poor growth, even death
D. Too much: illness, excess fat, high blood pressure, heart disease
III. Six Classes of Nutrients
A. Carbohydrates (the body's preferred choice for energy)
i. Simple carb- simple sugars
ii. complex carb- starches, plant foods
iii. 45-65% of the calories in our diets should come from carbohydrates
iv. Fiber- a complex carb. Provides little energy & cannot be digested. Very important to your intestine's health, helps prevent colon cancer, heart disease, constipation
B. Fats- belong to a class of chemical compounds called lipids. They are not dissolved in water
i. saturated fats are made up of saturated fatty acids, come from animal meat & milk & a few vegetables
ii. unsaturated fats are made up of unsaturated fatty acids
iii. For teens, 25-35% of calories should be fats
iv. Cholesterol- a fat like substance not a nutrient, cholesterol also from diet. Cholesterol is found only in animal tissue
C. Proteins- your muscles, hair & nails are made up of mostly protein
i. proteins in the body help build new cells & repair existing ones
ii. Proteins are also needed to form hormones, enzymes, antibodies, & other important molecules
iii. If you eat more protein than needed, it's stored as fat
D. Vitamins- are a class of nutrients that are chemical elements that are needed for certain body processes, such as enzyme activity & bone formation
F. Water- most important nutrient- 60% of the body is water
IV. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) The recommended nutrient intakes that will meet the need of almost all healthy people
V. The Nutrition facts section of a food label provides info. on how much energy & nutrients a serving of food gives
VI. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is a set of recommendations on diet & lifestyles designed to promote health, to support active lives & to reduce chronic disease risk in the general population
VII. Healthy snacks like fresh fruit, low fat yogurt or low salt pretzels, provide a good source of essential nutrients without excessive calories & fats
VIII. As children grow, their total nutrient & energy requirements increase with total needs being greatest in teen years
IX. Athletes need a well balanced diet that's higher in energy & fluids than the diet of a less active person
X. Simple dietary changes like switching to low fat dairy products & eating fresh fruits & vegetables in place of sweet/salty snacks can reduce the amount of fat, sugar & salt in your diet
II. A Balanced Diet Keeps You Healthy
A. Diet is everything you eat & drink
B. To stay alive & healthy a person must eat & drink the right amounts of nutrients
C. Too little: weight loss, poor growth, even death
D. Too much: illness, excess fat, high blood pressure, heart disease
III. Six Classes of Nutrients
A. Carbohydrates (the body's preferred choice for energy)
i. Simple carb- simple sugars
ii. complex carb- starches, plant foods
iii. 45-65% of the calories in our diets should come from carbohydrates
iv. Fiber- a complex carb. Provides little energy & cannot be digested. Very important to your intestine's health, helps prevent colon cancer, heart disease, constipation
B. Fats- belong to a class of chemical compounds called lipids. They are not dissolved in water
i. saturated fats are made up of saturated fatty acids, come from animal meat & milk & a few vegetables
ii. unsaturated fats are made up of unsaturated fatty acids
iii. For teens, 25-35% of calories should be fats
iv. Cholesterol- a fat like substance not a nutrient, cholesterol also from diet. Cholesterol is found only in animal tissue
C. Proteins- your muscles, hair & nails are made up of mostly protein
i. proteins in the body help build new cells & repair existing ones
ii. Proteins are also needed to form hormones, enzymes, antibodies, & other important molecules
iii. If you eat more protein than needed, it's stored as fat
D. Vitamins- are a class of nutrients that are chemical elements that are needed for certain body processes, such as enzyme activity & bone formation
F. Water- most important nutrient- 60% of the body is water
IV. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) The recommended nutrient intakes that will meet the need of almost all healthy people
V. The Nutrition facts section of a food label provides info. on how much energy & nutrients a serving of food gives
VI. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is a set of recommendations on diet & lifestyles designed to promote health, to support active lives & to reduce chronic disease risk in the general population
VII. Healthy snacks like fresh fruit, low fat yogurt or low salt pretzels, provide a good source of essential nutrients without excessive calories & fats
VIII. As children grow, their total nutrient & energy requirements increase with total needs being greatest in teen years
IX. Athletes need a well balanced diet that's higher in energy & fluids than the diet of a less active person
X. Simple dietary changes like switching to low fat dairy products & eating fresh fruits & vegetables in place of sweet/salty snacks can reduce the amount of fat, sugar & salt in your diet
Sunday, October 19, 2008
Biology
Solutions, Diffusion, Osmosis, Cell Membrane, Ion Channels, & Facilitated Diffusion
*Descriptions: polar mixes with polar, nonpolar mixes with nonpolar (like dissolves like)
-
Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low concentration, only nonpolar and small molecules can diffuse across the membrane easily
Passive Transport- movement of molecules across the membrane not requiring energy
Concentration Gradients- a difference in an amount of space
Equilibrium- equal concentration (even distribution, balanced)
-
Osmosis- the diffusion of water-movement of H2O from high H2O to low H2O concentration
Hypertonic- a solution with more solute & less H2O than the inside of a cell, water moves out of cell and cell shrinks
Hypotonic- a solution with more H2O than the inside of a cell, water moves in the cell, and cell expands and sometimes explodes
Isotonic- a solution with equal amount of H2O and solute inside and outside a cell, water moves in and out of cell equally, cell stays normal and healthy
-
Cell Membrane Function- allow some things in & keep others out; provides a filter or barrier; made up of...
Phospholipid Bilayer- 2 layers of lipid/nonpolar membrane with polar edges
Proteins- stuck in membrane like a tunnel, transport things
Receptors- on surface to recognize/identify outside molecules
*Description: selectively permeable (allows some things to pass through the membrane but keeps out others)
-
Ion Channels- a transport protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass: only lets certain things through: if ions are positive, they'll diffuse inside, if negative diffuse outside
*Descriptions: from high to low concentration if passive, but if it uses energy it could move in opposite directions
-
Facilitated Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of a protein (does not require energy)
Carrier Protein- bind a specific substance on one side of the cell membrane, carry the substance across the cell membrane, and release it on the other side
Solutions- when 2 substances are evenly distributed throughout each other
Solute- the part of the solution that's being dissolved (ex. salt)
Solvent- the part of the solution that dissolves something else (ex. H2O or water)*Descriptions: polar mixes with polar, nonpolar mixes with nonpolar (like dissolves like)
-
Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low concentration, only nonpolar and small molecules can diffuse across the membrane easily
Passive Transport- movement of molecules across the membrane not requiring energy
Concentration Gradients- a difference in an amount of space
Equilibrium- equal concentration (even distribution, balanced)
-
Osmosis- the diffusion of water-movement of H2O from high H2O to low H2O concentration
Hypertonic- a solution with more solute & less H2O than the inside of a cell, water moves out of cell and cell shrinks
Hypotonic- a solution with more H2O than the inside of a cell, water moves in the cell, and cell expands and sometimes explodes
Isotonic- a solution with equal amount of H2O and solute inside and outside a cell, water moves in and out of cell equally, cell stays normal and healthy
-
Cell Membrane Function- allow some things in & keep others out; provides a filter or barrier; made up of...
Phospholipid Bilayer- 2 layers of lipid/nonpolar membrane with polar edges
Proteins- stuck in membrane like a tunnel, transport things
Receptors- on surface to recognize/identify outside molecules
*Description: selectively permeable (allows some things to pass through the membrane but keeps out others)
-
Ion Channels- a transport protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass: only lets certain things through: if ions are positive, they'll diffuse inside, if negative diffuse outside
*Descriptions: from high to low concentration if passive, but if it uses energy it could move in opposite directions
-
Facilitated Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of a protein (does not require energy)
Carrier Protein- bind a specific substance on one side of the cell membrane, carry the substance across the cell membrane, and release it on the other side
Biology
Types of Transport
Passive
- Does not require energy
- High concentration to low concentration
- Down concentration gradient
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
Active
- Requires energy (ATP)
- Low concentration to high concentration
- Across/up concentration gradient
- Protein Carrier & Pumps
- Bulk Transport
-Exocytosis
-Endocytosis
*Pinocytosis
*Phagocytosis
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Protein Pumps/Carriers: when proteins use energy to move molecules across the cell membrane (across/up) uses ATP to make something happen
Bulk Transport: moving a large molecule or large amounts of molecule across cell membrane using vesicles
-Exocytosis: when molecules move out of the cell, vesicle will join with cell membrane to move it out
-Endocytosis: opposite of exocytosis when molecules come into the cell
- Pinocytosis: when liquid is entering the cell (endocytosis) cell drinking
- Phagocytosis: taking solids in, using endocytosis (cell eating)
Sunday, October 5, 2008
Journalism
The Technique of Narration
*Scene Re-creation
*Scene Re-creation
- Capturing sights, sounds, and smells
- Using your senses to recreate
- "Weave facts into a story" for the readers to see & hear events as they unfold
*Dialogue
- Using a conversation between 2 or more people
- Readers listens to the characters that the reporter recorded; characters talk to each other
- Difference between quotes & dialogue-source tells reporter who tells reader (quotes) & reporter records conversation (dialogue)
*Foreshadowing
- Giving hints about what is coming
- Every lead should foreshadow the story
- With foreshadowing, you are promising a good story
*Anecdotes
- Stories embedded in stories
- Illistrates a point to inform & entertain the reader
- Illistrates a point
- Remembered more than anything else in the story
World Geography
Culture Continued...
*Religion
-A belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators of the universe
*Religion
-A belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators of the universe
- Monotheistic- belief in one gods
- Polytheistic- belief in many gods
- Animistic (traditional)- divine forces in nature
>>Religions spread through diffusion and through converts
^Some religions actively seek to convert followers (ex. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism)
^Others do not (ex. Judaism)
*3 of the major religions began in SW Asia & 2 in South Asia
- SW Asia- Judaism, Christianity, Islam
>>Share similar basic beliefs, some prophets, & teachers
^Judaism- the oldest of the monotheistic religions
-Concentrated in Israel but followers live all over the world
-An ethnic religion with faith & culture tied tightly together
-Basic laws & teachings come from the Torah, the Jewish holy book
^Christianity- evolved from the teachings of Judaism
-Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ
-Teachings are recorded in the Bible, the Christian holy book
-Christianity is spread all throughout the world
- There are 3 major groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox
-Islam- based on the teachings of Muhammed
- Muslims worship God, whom they call Allah
- Has close ties with Judaism & Christianity with many of the same teachers and prophets
- Holy Book is called the Quran
- 2 major divisions
-Sunni
-Shiite
-Hinduism
- Concentrated in India
- Polytheistic, believe in one or many gods, all who are a part of the divine spirit, Brahman
-Buddhism- offshoot of Hinduism
- Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (1st Buddha)
- Promotes the correct way of living in order to reach nirvana
- Spread over Asia
World Geography
Culture
*Culture is the total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group
-How people should behave if they want to fit in with the group, involves the following:
*Culture is the total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group
-How people should behave if they want to fit in with the group, involves the following:
- Language
- Education
- Relationships to Family
- Religion
- Political & Social Organization
-Society is a group of people that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity and a culture
-Ethnic Group- refers to a specific group that shares a language, customs, and common heritage
- A separate group of people within the region they live
*Culture Constantly Change
-Innovation- using existing technology and creating something new to meet a need
- Can be purposeful or accidental
-Diffusion- the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior
- When people have contact with other people ideas are shared and become a new aspect of society
>>Cultural hearth- a site of innovations-where basic ideas are spread from
-Acculturation- when a society changes because it accepts an innovation
- Sometimes societies don't accept innovations
>>Individuals need to decide whether or not it's useful
^Can be positive or negative depending on how the change came about-if forced, it can be negative
*Language
-Language reflects all aspects of culture
- Helps establish cutural identity
>>Builds a sense of unity but can also cause division
-Language Families
- Between 3000-6500 languages are spoken across the world today
>>They are all categorized by placing them with other similar languages in language families
^Dialect- versions of a language
-Reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region or other cultural changes
-Language Diffusion
- New languages can be created when several groups in a region speak different language (ex. Creole)
- Migration causes language to spread when people settle in new locations (ex. colonists from Europe brought their languages from the Old World to the New World)
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
Biology
Prokaryote:
- no nucleus, free DNA
- small
- unicellular
- no mitochondria for cellular respiration
- primitive
- no membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryote:
- has nucleus
- small-large
- uni & multi-cellular
- mitochondria for cellular respiration
- complex
- has membrane-bound organelles
Both:
- have plasma membrane
- have cytoplasm
Biology
Cell Definitions:
- Prokaryote- simple cell, no nucleus or cell organelles (ex. bacterial cells)
- Eukaryote- complex cell, contains nucleus and other organelles
- Organelle- the organs in the cell
- Selective Permeability- part of the plasma membrane, lets some substances pass through, while keeping others out
- Chloroplast- captures light energy & converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis
- Mitochondria- converts fuel energy into usable energy
- Osmosis- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- Diffusion- the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration by random motion of that substance's particles
- Active Transport- the transport of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient
- Passive Transport- movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell
- Hypertonic- describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell
- Hypotonic- describes a solution whose solute concentration is lowerthe the solute concentration inside a cell
- Isotonic- describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
- Exocytosis- the process by which a substance is released from the cell
- Endocytosis- the process by which a cell membrane encloses around a particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
Biology
Cells & Their Functions:
Nucleus- selectively permeable to control movement in or out of the cell
Nucleolus- instrutions in DNA are copied here, works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein
Cytoplasm- contains dissolved nutrients, helps dissolve waste products, responsible for movement, gives cell its shape
Mitochondria- the cell's main energy source (ATP)
Chloroplast- carries out the process of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll which makes it green
Ribosome- assemble amino acids into proteins
Rough ER- helps transport proteins
Smooth ER- makes lipids, breaks down toxic substances
Golgi- serves as the packaging & distribution center of the cell
Vacuole- stores water and may contain many substances, when full the cell becomes rigid which causes the plant to stand upright
Cell Membrane- closes cell, separates the cell interior from outside surroundings
Cell Wall- surrounds cell membrane and provides structure & support
Lysosome- contains the cell's digestive enzymes which get rid of macromolecules & old cell organelles
Nucleus- selectively permeable to control movement in or out of the cell
Nucleolus- instrutions in DNA are copied here, works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein
Cytoplasm- contains dissolved nutrients, helps dissolve waste products, responsible for movement, gives cell its shape
Mitochondria- the cell's main energy source (ATP)
Chloroplast- carries out the process of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll which makes it green
Ribosome- assemble amino acids into proteins
Rough ER- helps transport proteins
Smooth ER- makes lipids, breaks down toxic substances
Golgi- serves as the packaging & distribution center of the cell
Vacuole- stores water and may contain many substances, when full the cell becomes rigid which causes the plant to stand upright
Cell Membrane- closes cell, separates the cell interior from outside surroundings
Cell Wall- surrounds cell membrane and provides structure & support
Lysosome- contains the cell's digestive enzymes which get rid of macromolecules & old cell organelles
Sunday, September 14, 2008
Health
Stress
I. STRESS- Your body's and mind's response to a demand; anything you think is threatening can cause stress
A. Fight-or-Flight response is your body's physical response to help you deal with a stressor
B. Eustress- positive stress; can motivate & help a person to reach a goal
C. Distress- negative stress; can make a person sick or keep from reaching a goal
D. A body under stress for a long time can become exhausted and develop a stress-related illness
II. DEALING WITH STRESS
A. To avoid a stress-related illness, eat right, exercise regularly, and get enough rest
B. Learn to relax by practicing deep breathing exercises and tension-releasing exercises
C. Assets can help a person build resiliency against stressors
D. Having a positive attitude in a threatening situation can help relieve stress
E. Manage your time better by listing projects in order of priority, knowing your limits and making a schedule
III. COPING WITH LOSS
A. Loss can cause the same emotion and physical effects of stress
B. Stages of grieving are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
C. Funeral wakes and memorial services can help a family
D. Sharing memories of the deceased and listening to your friends are a couple of ways to help you cope with a loss
IV. PREVENTING SUICIDE
A. Learning the facts about suicide can help prevent suicide
B. Teens should be concerned about suicide because it's the 3rd leading cause of death in people ages 15-24
C. Some suicide warning signs are: giving away personal things, feeling hopeless, and sleeping too much
D. Taking suicide seriously, getting your friend to talk to a trusted adult and NOT keeping any secrets about suicide are ALL ways to help a friend who may be considering suicide
I. STRESS- Your body's and mind's response to a demand; anything you think is threatening can cause stress
A. Fight-or-Flight response is your body's physical response to help you deal with a stressor
B. Eustress- positive stress; can motivate & help a person to reach a goal
C. Distress- negative stress; can make a person sick or keep from reaching a goal
D. A body under stress for a long time can become exhausted and develop a stress-related illness
II. DEALING WITH STRESS
A. To avoid a stress-related illness, eat right, exercise regularly, and get enough rest
B. Learn to relax by practicing deep breathing exercises and tension-releasing exercises
C. Assets can help a person build resiliency against stressors
D. Having a positive attitude in a threatening situation can help relieve stress
E. Manage your time better by listing projects in order of priority, knowing your limits and making a schedule
III. COPING WITH LOSS
A. Loss can cause the same emotion and physical effects of stress
B. Stages of grieving are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
C. Funeral wakes and memorial services can help a family
D. Sharing memories of the deceased and listening to your friends are a couple of ways to help you cope with a loss
IV. PREVENTING SUICIDE
A. Learning the facts about suicide can help prevent suicide
B. Teens should be concerned about suicide because it's the 3rd leading cause of death in people ages 15-24
C. Some suicide warning signs are: giving away personal things, feeling hopeless, and sleeping too much
D. Taking suicide seriously, getting your friend to talk to a trusted adult and NOT keeping any secrets about suicide are ALL ways to help a friend who may be considering suicide
Journalism
After you have your lead...
Sources:
- Public Records
- Telephone directories
- Maps
- Biographies
- Internet
- People
Preparing for the Interview:
- What do you want to find out?
- Who are you going to ask?
- Who knows the information you need?
What to do:
- Fact-gathering before interview
- Prepare questions
- Know the subject
- What is missing
Setting the interview:
- Time
- Length
- Return visits
- Neutral Place
- Recorder
- Note taking
- Photographer
- Professional attire
Questions:
- Open-Ended- Less than specific, questions that don't have a particular answer
- Close-Ended- a question with an exact answer
During the interview:
- Ask both kinds of questions
- Allow person to pause and think
- Control the flow but be flexible
- Takes notes-shorthanded
Ensuring Accuracy:
- TAke good notes
- Check facts at the end
- Observe reactions & gestures
- Ask follow up questions, in response
- "Is there anything I have not asked that I should?"
After the interview:
- "Thank you for you time..."
Biology
Notes:
- Benedict's Solution- tests for the presence of monosaccherides
- Biuret's Solution- tests for protein
- Sudan III- tests for lipids
- Lugol's Solution- tests for starches
Biology
Calorie- amount of energy required to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree celsius
Nutrient- a food substance in food required by living things to keep it alive
Organic Molecules:
Carbohydrates- simple sugar & complex sugar
Proteins
Lipids
Proteins->Amino Acids->New Proteins (amino acids go through dehyrdation synthesis to become new proteins)
New Proteins used for:
Nutrient- a food substance in food required by living things to keep it alive
Organic Molecules:
Carbohydrates- simple sugar & complex sugar
Proteins
Lipids
Proteins->Amino Acids->New Proteins (amino acids go through dehyrdation synthesis to become new proteins)
New Proteins used for:
- in charge of movement
- chemical reaction (enzymes)
- plan B if there are no carbohydrates
- transport things in and out of the cells
Lipids are broken down and used for:
- insulation for bodies & cells
- storage
- absorb things
- hormones
Carbohydrates are broken down to make energy (ATP) using the process of cellular respiration, or stored in long chains called polysaccherides. Starches from plants; glycogen from animals.
Descibe organic molecules:
- contains carbon
- found in living things
- usually large
List examples of organic molecules:
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- lipids
What is a monomer?
- building blocks/sub-units to make macromolecules
What is a polymer?
- many monomers put together
How do monomers relate to polymers?
- monomers make up polymers
What is dehydration synthesis?
- the process by which a polymer is make by removing water
Saturday, September 13, 2008
World Geography
Structure of the Earth
I. Inside the Earth
A. Core- solid metallic center of the earth, made up of iron & nickel
B. Mantle- lying on the core, a soft layer of molten rock
1. Magma (molten rock) is created when the mantle melts the underside of the crust
2. crust- thin layer of rock at the earth's surface
II. On and above the earth
A. atmosphere- layer of gases surrounding the earth
1. contains oxygen, protects the earth, provides weather and climate
B. lithosphere- solid rock portion of the earth's surface
1. some is below water, forms the floor of the ocean
2. continents- huge land masses above water
C. hydrosphere- the water elements on earth
1. oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, water in the atmosphere
D. biosphere- the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere together, which is where plants and animals live
E. continental drift- Alfred Wegner- the earth was once a super-continent (Pangea)
1. as the super-continent split, the continents drifted
III. Forces that Shape the Earth
A. Plate Tectonics
1. tectonic plates- enormous moving pieces that form the earth's crust
2. 3 forms of plate movements
a. divergent boundary- plates move apart or spread
b. convergent boundary- plates collide, causing one plate to either dive under or ride up over the other plate
c. transform boundary- plates slide past one another
B. Earthquakes
1. violent movement of the earth that occurs when the plates grind or slip past one another
a. results in the squeezing, stretching, and shearing motions of the earth's crust- causes damage
2. can sometimes cause tsunamis- giant wave in the ocean
C. Volcanoes
1. a crack in the earth's surface where magma, gases, and water pour out of the crust
a. magma that flows slowly then cools is called lava
b. volcanoes do not erupt on a schedule and can be inactive for long periods of time before erupting
4.Ring of Fire- a zone around the rim of the Pacific, location of the vast majority of active volcanoes
a. along plate boundaries
b. Hot Spot- volcano where the crust is very thin and magma melts through- Hawaiian Islands
D. Weathering
1.physical and chemical processes that change characteristices of rock on the earth's surface
a. occurs over many years, creates sediment
2. mechanical weathering- changes the size of the rock
3. chemical weathering- changes the rock into a new substance
E. Erosion
1. when weathered material is moved by the wind, water, ice or gravity- a transporting agent must be present
F. Building Soil
1. process of forming soil caused by weathering and erosion
a. soil is a loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air and water
b. detemine the types of vegetation that can grow in a location
World Geography
Longitude & Time
Some Facts About the Earth, the Sun, and Telling Time:
Some Facts About the Earth, the Sun, and Telling Time:
- The Earth turns or rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
- The direction of the Earth's rotation is counterclockwise; that is, from west to east.
- In a complete 24-hour rotation the Earth turns 360 degrees. Since there are 24 hours in a day that means that the Earth rotates 15 degrees every hour (360/24= 15 degrees). Each 15 degrees of longitude on a map stands for one hour of time.
- The Prime Meridian, 0 degrees longitude, is the starting line for telling time on Earth. If it is 12:00 noon on the Prime Meridian, it will be 11:00 am on all the places on the 30 degree west line, and so on all the way to the 180 degree line of longitude.
Conversely, if it is 12:00 noon on the Prime Meridian, it will be 1:00 pm in all places on the 15 degree E line of longitude, and 2:00 pm in all places on the 30 degree E line, and so on to the 180 degree line of longitude.
- The Earth turns a new "face" to the sun constantly; thus, a person standing on a given line of longitude experiences dawn, then day, then dusk, then night.
- All of the above applies to solar time. In general, nations follow "sun time," but make time zones within their countries. In doing so, communities within a zone will all have the same time. As persons go from one zone to another they "lose" or "gain" an hour of time depending on whether they are traveling east or west.
Time zones sometimes have irregular dividing lines to avoid dividing communities or states. If this were not done one side of a street could have one time, the other side could have another.
- Time zones are generally shown on Mercator-type maps where the lines of longitude are shown as parallel, thus making for easier reading.
Wednesday, September 10, 2008
Algebra I
- equation- mathematical statement with a = sign
- open sentence- a statement with 1 or more variables
- solution- number that makes an open sentence true, the replacement value, any number(s) that produces a true statement when it is substituted for a variable in an equation or inequality (ex. x<5,>
- checking a solution- substituting the number into the equation to see if it makes the statement true
- replacement set- a set of #'s to substitute a variable
- set- a collection of numbers
- element- each member (number) of a set
- solution set- element that's true
Applying the distributive property-
3(7-5)=3x7-3x5
Journalism
Associated Press
- started in May 1848, shortly after the telegraph
- joint effort among NY newspapers to make telegraphy affordable
- 6 highly competitive papers
- today it's the world's largest news organization providing coverage of news, sports, busines, weather, entertainment, politics, & technology
- 15,000 news outlets, reaches one billion people, 120 nations
- 3,500 employees
AP Style Rules
- months- spell out when using alone or with just the year (Ex. January 1979 was a cold month. Jan. 2 was the coldest day of the month. Feb 14, 1987, was the target date.) never abbreviate March, April, May, June or July
Datelines
- No state to follow large cities
- cities in caps, state (Ex. St. PAUL-Minn.; NEW ORLEANS)
- Always spell out Texas
- In a Texas newspaper, no need to follow the city with Texas (Ex. KELLER)
Monday, September 8, 2008
English
Title: Examine the title of the poem BEFORE reading the poem. What do the words suggest to you? What denotations are presented in the title? What connotations or associations do the words possess?
Paraphrase: Translate the poem into your own words. DON NOT interpret anything at this point. You must look for the literal before theinterpretive. What is the poem literally about?
Connotation: Now examine the poem for meaning behind the literal. Things to examine include: form, diction, imagery, p.o.v., allusions, symbolism, figurative language, sound devices, etc.
Attitude: What is the speaker's attitude? How does the speaker feel about himself, others, and the subject? What is the author's attitude? How does the author feel about the speaker, other characters, the subject, and the reader? Remember: do not confuse the author with the speaker.
Shift: Where do the shifts in tone, setting, voice, etc. occur? Look for time and place, keywords, punctuations, stanza divisions, etc. What is the purpose of each shift? How does each contribute to the effect and meaning?
Title: Examine the title again...on an interpretive level. What part does the title play in the overall interpretation of the poem?
Theme: What is the poet's message about the poem's subject(s)? Remember: the theme must always be expressed in a complete sentence.
T.P. C.A.S.T.T.
Paraphrase: Translate the poem into your own words. DON NOT interpret anything at this point. You must look for the literal before theinterpretive. What is the poem literally about?
Connotation: Now examine the poem for meaning behind the literal. Things to examine include: form, diction, imagery, p.o.v., allusions, symbolism, figurative language, sound devices, etc.
Attitude: What is the speaker's attitude? How does the speaker feel about himself, others, and the subject? What is the author's attitude? How does the author feel about the speaker, other characters, the subject, and the reader? Remember: do not confuse the author with the speaker.
Shift: Where do the shifts in tone, setting, voice, etc. occur? Look for time and place, keywords, punctuations, stanza divisions, etc. What is the purpose of each shift? How does each contribute to the effect and meaning?
Title: Examine the title again...on an interpretive level. What part does the title play in the overall interpretation of the poem?
Theme: What is the poet's message about the poem's subject(s)? Remember: the theme must always be expressed in a complete sentence.
T.P. C.A.S.T.T.
English
Plot:
- exposition- beginning of story
- rising action- conflicts leading to climax
- climax- turning point: most intense point
- falling action- all action or conflict following the climax
- resolution- conclusion: tying together all the threads
- classic conflict- between two persons: man vs. man
- man vs. nature- characters in conflict with nature which serves as an antagonist
- man vs. society- character in conflict with the community
- man vs. self- inner conflict within one man
beginning/exposition-> rising action-> middle-> falling action-> end/resolution
climax
Spanish
Numbers:
- cero- zero
- uno- one
- dos- two
- tres- three
- cuatro- four
- cinco- five
- seis- six
- siete- seven
- ocho- eight
- nueve- nine
- diez- ten
- once- eleven
- doce- twelve
- trece- thirteen
- catorce- fourteen
- quince- fifteen
- dieciseis- sixteen
- diecisiete- seventeen
- dieciocho- eighteen
- diecinueve- nineteen
- veinte-twenty
- veintiuno- twenty-one
- treinta- thirty
- treinta y uno- thirty-one
- cuarenta- forty
- cinquenta- fifty
- sesenta- sixty
- setenta- seventy
- ochenta- eighty
- noventa- ninety
- cien- one hundred
- dos ciento- two hundred
- quinceinto- five hundred
- seis ciento- six hundred
Jounalism
Inverted Pyramid:
The Lead- who & what
The Body- facts, direct quotes, & more facts
Conclusion- sometimes it's a direct quote
-Telegraph- invented in 1845 by Samuel Morse
-It was a new kind of writing (faster, more concise)
-Stories would be brief, for a national audience & without partisanship (without opinion, unbiased, & objective)
-forced objective news
-reading easier & faster
-enables the hurried reader to get all the important fafcts
-satisfies curiosity
Tips:
-put most important facts
-arrange the paragraphs in descending order of importance: chronological order
-requires the writer to rank the importance of info.
Lead:
-simple clear statement consisting of the 1st paragraph: 5 w's (what, where, when, who, why) and h (how)
-decide: so what? who cares?
-summary lead
Body:
-introduce additional info.
-elaborate on the info. presented in the lead
-introduce new info order of importance
-use only 1 new idea in each paragraph
The Lead- who & what
The Body- facts, direct quotes, & more facts
Conclusion- sometimes it's a direct quote
-Telegraph- invented in 1845 by Samuel Morse
-It was a new kind of writing (faster, more concise)
-Stories would be brief, for a national audience & without partisanship (without opinion, unbiased, & objective)
-forced objective news
-reading easier & faster
-enables the hurried reader to get all the important fafcts
-satisfies curiosity
Tips:
-put most important facts
-arrange the paragraphs in descending order of importance: chronological order
-requires the writer to rank the importance of info.
Lead:
-simple clear statement consisting of the 1st paragraph: 5 w's (what, where, when, who, why) and h (how)
-decide: so what? who cares?
-summary lead
Body:
-introduce additional info.
-elaborate on the info. presented in the lead
-introduce new info order of importance
-use only 1 new idea in each paragraph
Thursday, September 4, 2008
Biology Pre-AP
Mass- the quantity of matter or the measure of the amount of "stuff" in something, in the metric system mass is measured by kilograms
Weight- the force that the earth pulls on the mass (the force of gravity on mass) and since force is measured by newtons so is weight
Density- mass per volume
Solutions- groups of molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution
-it can be solids dissolved in liquids
-it can also be gases in gases or liquids in liquids
-solute- the substance to be dissolved
-solvent- the one doing the dissolving
Surface Tension- the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water
-surface tension is related to the cohesive properties of water
-capillary action is related to the adhesive properties of water
-the thinner the tube/straw the higher up capillary action will occur
Five States of Matter- solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, & Bose-Einstein: also know as phases
-one compound or element can move from phase to phase and still be the same substance
Kinetic Energy- motion
-electrical energy- the movement of electrical charge, everything is made of particles called atoms
-radiant energy- electromagnetic energy that travels in tranverse waves
Potential Energy- has the potential to be in motion
-chemical energy- stored in bonds of atoms and molecules
-nuclear energy- energy in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons/Protons
-if an atom is neutral it has the same # of prontons (+) as electrons (-)
Periodic Table
-symbol- 1 or 2 letter abbreviation derived from Latin or English
-name- elements common name
-atomic number- equal to the # of protons in the nucleus as well as the # of electrons in the electons cloud
atomic mass- weighted average of the masses of the elements isotopes (one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers)
Extra
-acid- a solution that has an excess of H+ ions
-base- a solution that has an excess of oh- ions
-neutral- a solution that has a pH of 7, neither acid or base
-atoms- basis of chemistry
-covalent bonds- electrons are shared
-electrovalent bonds- electrons are given up
Weight- the force that the earth pulls on the mass (the force of gravity on mass) and since force is measured by newtons so is weight
Density- mass per volume
Solutions- groups of molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution
-it can be solids dissolved in liquids
-it can also be gases in gases or liquids in liquids
-solute- the substance to be dissolved
-solvent- the one doing the dissolving
Surface Tension- the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water
-surface tension is related to the cohesive properties of water
-capillary action is related to the adhesive properties of water
-the thinner the tube/straw the higher up capillary action will occur
Five States of Matter- solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, & Bose-Einstein: also know as phases
-one compound or element can move from phase to phase and still be the same substance
Kinetic Energy- motion
-electrical energy- the movement of electrical charge, everything is made of particles called atoms
-radiant energy- electromagnetic energy that travels in tranverse waves
Potential Energy- has the potential to be in motion
-chemical energy- stored in bonds of atoms and molecules
-nuclear energy- energy in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons/Protons
-if an atom is neutral it has the same # of prontons (+) as electrons (-)
Periodic Table
-symbol- 1 or 2 letter abbreviation derived from Latin or English
-name- elements common name
-atomic number- equal to the # of protons in the nucleus as well as the # of electrons in the electons cloud
atomic mass- weighted average of the masses of the elements isotopes (one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers)
Extra
-acid- a solution that has an excess of H+ ions
-base- a solution that has an excess of oh- ions
-neutral- a solution that has a pH of 7, neither acid or base
-atoms- basis of chemistry
-covalent bonds- electrons are shared
-electrovalent bonds- electrons are given up
Health
I. Building You Self-Esteem
a. People who have high self-esteem respect themselves and others, reach their goals, recover from disappointment and feel valuable to family and community.
b. Our self-esteem is influenced by the message we receive about ourselves.
c. You can improve your self-esteem by using self-talk, acting with integrity, choosing supportive friends, and accepting yourself.
II. Using Good Communication Skills
a. Communication is important for avoiding misunderstandings building our relationships, and expressing our feelings.
b. Assertive communication is the most effective way to communicate because it's direct and respective to others.
c. When using good speaking skills be aware of your voice volume, tone, and pitch. Also, use "I" message and show empathy.
d. Some examples of good listening skills are maintaining eye contact, nodding your head and paraphrasing.
e. Misunderstandings can happen if your body language communicates a different message than what you say.
III. Mental and Emotional Health
a. People who have positive mental health, have high-esteem, meet daily challenges, and develop healthy relationships.
b. The five stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are the physical, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization stages.
c. You can learn to express your emotions in a positive way by practicing a positive example of expressing that emotion.
d. You can manage your emotions by talking about your feelings with others by blowing off steam, and by expressing your emotions creatively.
e. Defense Mechanisms are often ineffective ways of dealing with unpleasant emotions.
IV. Understanding Mental Disorders
a. A mental disorder is an illness of mind that affects thinking behavior and mood. A mental disorder makes dealing with everyday routines difficult.
b. Learning about symptons of mental disorders is importantfor identifying the disorder and getting help.
c. Many mental disorders can be caused by heredity, by injury, by physical illness, or by traumatic experiences.
d. Three forms of treatment for mental disorders are psychotherapy, group therapy, and medication.
a. People who have high self-esteem respect themselves and others, reach their goals, recover from disappointment and feel valuable to family and community.
b. Our self-esteem is influenced by the message we receive about ourselves.
c. You can improve your self-esteem by using self-talk, acting with integrity, choosing supportive friends, and accepting yourself.
II. Using Good Communication Skills
a. Communication is important for avoiding misunderstandings building our relationships, and expressing our feelings.
b. Assertive communication is the most effective way to communicate because it's direct and respective to others.
c. When using good speaking skills be aware of your voice volume, tone, and pitch. Also, use "I" message and show empathy.
d. Some examples of good listening skills are maintaining eye contact, nodding your head and paraphrasing.
e. Misunderstandings can happen if your body language communicates a different message than what you say.
III. Mental and Emotional Health
a. People who have positive mental health, have high-esteem, meet daily challenges, and develop healthy relationships.
b. The five stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are the physical, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization stages.
c. You can learn to express your emotions in a positive way by practicing a positive example of expressing that emotion.
d. You can manage your emotions by talking about your feelings with others by blowing off steam, and by expressing your emotions creatively.
e. Defense Mechanisms are often ineffective ways of dealing with unpleasant emotions.
IV. Understanding Mental Disorders
a. A mental disorder is an illness of mind that affects thinking behavior and mood. A mental disorder makes dealing with everyday routines difficult.
b. Learning about symptons of mental disorders is importantfor identifying the disorder and getting help.
c. Many mental disorders can be caused by heredity, by injury, by physical illness, or by traumatic experiences.
d. Three forms of treatment for mental disorders are psychotherapy, group therapy, and medication.
Tuesday, September 2, 2008
World Geography Pre-AP
Tools of the Geographer
I. Maps & Globes
A. 2 or 3 dimensions
1. Globe- 3D
a. see the Earth as a whole
b. little distortion
c. impractical- not portable
2. Maps
a. very portable and can be drawn to any scale
b. a lot of distortion because the earth is round and when flattened, it doesn't look the same
1. distortion is reduced by using different sorts of maps
a. map projection: a way of drawing earth's surface that reduces distortion
c. types of maps
1. general reference (topographical) map: representation of natural and man-made
features on the earth
2. thematic maps: emphasizes specific kinds of information
3. navigation maps: maps that pilots and sailors use
B. how maps are made
1. surveying
a. observe, measure and record what's seen in a specific area
b. mostly done using satellites and aerial photography
c. info. gathered:
1. elevation
2. differences in land cover
3. variations in temperature
2. GPS
a. uses 24 satellites that beams the exact location to a hand held receiver
I. Maps & Globes
A. 2 or 3 dimensions
1. Globe- 3D
a. see the Earth as a whole
b. little distortion
c. impractical- not portable
2. Maps
a. very portable and can be drawn to any scale
b. a lot of distortion because the earth is round and when flattened, it doesn't look the same
1. distortion is reduced by using different sorts of maps
a. map projection: a way of drawing earth's surface that reduces distortion
c. types of maps
1. general reference (topographical) map: representation of natural and man-made
features on the earth
2. thematic maps: emphasizes specific kinds of information
3. navigation maps: maps that pilots and sailors use
B. how maps are made
1. surveying
a. observe, measure and record what's seen in a specific area
b. mostly done using satellites and aerial photography
c. info. gathered:
1. elevation
2. differences in land cover
3. variations in temperature
2. GPS
a. uses 24 satellites that beams the exact location to a hand held receiver
Saturday, August 30, 2008
Journalism
News is:
Anything printable.
An account of an event, or a fact or an opinion that interests people.
A presentation of current events in newspapers, magazines, radio, television or online.
Anything that enough people want to read is news, provided it meets the standards of "good taste" and isn't liable.
Anything that is timely that interests a number of readers, and the best news is that which has the greatest interest for the greatest number of people.
Accurate and timely intelligence of happenings, discoveries, opinions, and matter of any sort that affect or interest the reader.
The first rough draft of history. (the final draft is when they put it in the history books)
The study of people.
News Elements:
Proximity: has to do with location. IF the event is happening close by, it will have greater impact on your readers. People like to read about things they are familiar with.
Timeliness: If something is happening now, it has more impact than something that happened yesterday or last week. Newness of facts. This is also why the paper cover events that are about to happen.
Prominence: This has to do with how well known the people in our story are. If the person or persons are well known to your readers, the story will impact them more.
Conflict: Readers have an interest in disagreements, arguments, fights, and rivalries. This is why people love sports, politics, and elections. It involves tension, surprise, and suspense.
Novelty: If something is unusual, peopple want to know what and why it happened.
Human Interest: If a situation makes you angry, sad, happy, or overjoyed, it can also be someone of interest.
Anything printable.
An account of an event, or a fact or an opinion that interests people.
A presentation of current events in newspapers, magazines, radio, television or online.
Anything that enough people want to read is news, provided it meets the standards of "good taste" and isn't liable.
Anything that is timely that interests a number of readers, and the best news is that which has the greatest interest for the greatest number of people.
Accurate and timely intelligence of happenings, discoveries, opinions, and matter of any sort that affect or interest the reader.
The first rough draft of history. (the final draft is when they put it in the history books)
The study of people.
News Elements:
Proximity: has to do with location. IF the event is happening close by, it will have greater impact on your readers. People like to read about things they are familiar with.
Timeliness: If something is happening now, it has more impact than something that happened yesterday or last week. Newness of facts. This is also why the paper cover events that are about to happen.
Prominence: This has to do with how well known the people in our story are. If the person or persons are well known to your readers, the story will impact them more.
Conflict: Readers have an interest in disagreements, arguments, fights, and rivalries. This is why people love sports, politics, and elections. It involves tension, surprise, and suspense.
Novelty: If something is unusual, peopple want to know what and why it happened.
Human Interest: If a situation makes you angry, sad, happy, or overjoyed, it can also be someone of interest.
Biology Pre-AP
Characteristics Of Life:
- cellular struction and function
- reproduction- all living things come from other living things
- metabolism- breaking down food to absorb and use as energy (if you have a fast metabolism and use up energy fast, you're most likely skinny, and if you have a slow metabolism you don't use up your energy very fast and is most likely obese or overweight)
- homeostasis- maintaining a constant internal environment (body temperature, functions of organs, etc.)
- heredity- passing on generic materials to offspring
- evolution- change over time, not individually but as a group
- interdependence- all living things depend on other things in the environment
Thursday, August 28, 2008
World Geography Pre-AP
Notes:
- Geography- the study of the distribution and interaction of physical human factors of Earth
- Tools of Geography- maps, photographs, scale models, five themes of geography
- Five Themes of Geography- describe patterns & connections in the Earth's space
Five Themes:
- Location (where is it?)
- Place (what's it like?)
- Region (how are places similar/different?)
- Human-Environment Interaction (how do we relate to our world?)
- Movement (how are people, goods, & ideas transported?)
M ovement
R egion
H uman
E nvironment-Interaction
L ocation
P lace
Mr. Help
I. Location
-absolute (identify by longitude & latitude coordinates)
-relative (identify by relation to surroundings)
II. Place
-physical (climate, landforms, & vegetation) made by nature
-cultural characteristics (environmental changes: dams, highways, buildings, interaction between people) made by man
III. Region
-can be physical, political, cultural, or economic
-formal- limited # of characteristics, ex. Sahel Desert Region of Africa (specific climate, vegetation & land use pattern); Great Lake Region of the U.S.A.
-functional- organized around the connections between places: DFW Metroplex
-Perceptual- what people think is a region (ex. the sunbelt: VA to CA or GA to CA?)
IV. HEI
-people change, use & live with environment (for good & bad)
-can make places safer/more livable or pollutes & destroys nature
V. Movement
-geographers think: linear distance, time distance, psychological distance (if you tag along for a 5 hour drive and falls asleep for 3 hours during the ride, when you get there, it wouldn't feel like a 5 hour drive, only two)
-modern inventions have shortened time and increased movement (internet is the most important mode of transportation [for info.])
Spanish
Cognates:
Spanish to English:
Spanish to English:
- abandonar- abandon
- abruto- abrupt
- atraccion- attraction
- banda- band
- banquete- banquet
- bicicleta- bicycle
- banco- bank
- calcular- to calculate
- combinar- to combine
- capital- capital
- decorar- to decorate
- directo- direct
- decidir- to decide
- danzar- to dance
-A Spanish word ending in in ar, er, or ir, it's a verb.
English I Pre-AP
Parts Of Speech
- Nouns- name persons, places, things, ideas, or qualities (ex. Capote, woman, Mississippi River, seashell, hardship, courage)
- Pronouns- usually replace nouns and function as nouns (ex. I, you, he, this, that, who, which, everyone)
- Verbs- express actions, occurences, or states of being (ex. run, write, be, appear, seem)
- Adjectives- describe or modify nouns or pronouns (ex. necessary, private, beautiful)
- Adverbs- Answer these questions: when, where, why, how, how much, or in what way? They modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs (ex. very, too, loudly, finally, yesterday, next, daringly)
- Prepositions- Relate nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence (ex. about, to, with, around, during, in, of, within
- Conjunctions- link words, phrases, and clauses
- Coordinating Conjunctions- linds words, phrases, or clauses, of equal importance (ex. and, but, so, for, or, nor, not only...but also, either...or)
- Subordinating Conjunctions- introduce clauses that cannot stand by themselves as compete sentences and link them to main clauses (although, because, if, whenever, as, whether, in order that)
- Interjections- express feeling or command attention, either alone or in a sentence (ex. hey, oh, darn, wow, hark!)
- Articles- any of three words to signal the presence of a noun (ex. a, an, the)
Wednesday, August 27, 2008
Algebra I
Palindrome
A palindrome is a word or number that looks the same backwards and forwards. (i.e. dad- dad, pop- pop or 11711- 11711)
To find the palindrome of a number you simply add a number to it's reverse number until the pattern appears: 249+942=1191, 1191+1911=3102, 3102+2013=5115
5115- 5115 It's a palindrome!
A palindrome is a word or number that looks the same backwards and forwards. (i.e. dad- dad, pop- pop or 11711- 11711)
To find the palindrome of a number you simply add a number to it's reverse number until the pattern appears: 249+942=1191, 1191+1911=3102, 3102+2013=5115
5115- 5115 It's a palindrome!
Biology Pre-AP
Notes:
- Problem- a scientific question that can be answered by experimentation; if the problem is already solved, do research
- Hypothesis - an educated guess
A hypothesis should include the words: If...then... (ex. If you add a paper clip to a paper helicopter then it will stabilize and stay in the air longer.)
- Independent Variable- something you changed about the experiment each time you do it
- Dependent Variable- the results depending on the independent variable
Adding a paper clip on the helicopter makes it an independent variable. The outcomes resulting from the additional paper clip is the dependent variable. These two kinds of variables are always connected (i.e. If you shut a plant in a closet then it will grow monkeys. Wrong. Those two things are not connected.)
- Control- is different from the experimental group, you do not change the subjects of this group
- Experimental Group- these subjects have one thing different than the control group, but they also have constants
- Constant- a factor in an experiment that''s kept the same in all trials
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