Health

Stress

I. STRESS- Your body's and mind's response to a demand; anything you think is threatening can cause stress
A. Fight-or-Flight response is your body's physical response to help you deal with a stressor
B. Eustress- positive stress; can motivate & help a person to reach a goal
C. Distress- negative stress; can make a person sick or keep from reaching a goal
D. A body under stress for a long time can become exhausted and develop a stress-related illness

II. DEALING WITH STRESS
A. To avoid a stress-related illness, eat right, exercise regularly, and get enough rest
B. Learn to relax by practicing deep breathing exercises and tension-releasing exercises
C. Assets can help a person build resiliency against stressors
D. Having a positive attitude in a threatening situation can help relieve stress
E. Manage your time better by listing projects in order of priority, knowing your limits and making a schedule

III. COPING WITH LOSS
A. Loss can cause the same emotion and physical effects of stress
B. Stages of grieving are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
C. Funeral wakes and memorial services can help a family
D. Sharing memories of the deceased and listening to your friends are a couple of ways to help you cope with a loss

IV. PREVENTING SUICIDE
A. Learning the facts about suicide can help prevent suicide
B. Teens should be concerned about suicide because it's the 3rd leading cause of death in people ages 15-24
C. Some suicide warning signs are: giving away personal things, feeling hopeless, and sleeping too much
D. Taking suicide seriously, getting your friend to talk to a trusted adult and NOT keeping any secrets about suicide are ALL ways to help a friend who may be considering suicide

Journalism

After you have your lead...

Sources:

• Public Records
• Telephone directories
• Maps
• Biographies
• Internet
• People

Preparing for the Interview:

• What do you want to find out?
• Who are you going to ask?
• Who knows the information you need?

What to do:

• Fact-gathering before interview
• Prepare questions
• Know the subject
• What is missing

Setting the interview:

• Time
• Length
• Return visits
• Neutral Place
• Recorder
• Note taking
• Photographer
• Professional attire

Questions:

• Open-Ended- Less than specific, questions that don't have a particular answer
• Close-Ended- a question with an exact answer

During the interview:

• Ask both kinds of questions
• Allow person to pause and think
• Control the flow but be flexible
• Takes notes-shorthanded

Ensuring Accuracy:

• TAke good notes
• Check facts at the end
• Observe reactions & gestures
• Ask follow up questions, in response
• "Is there anything I have not asked that I should?"

After the interview:

• "Thank you for you time..."

Biology

Notes:

• Benedict's Solution- tests for the presence of monosaccherides
• Biuret's Solution- tests for protein
• Sudan III- tests for lipids
• Lugol's Solution- tests for starches

Biology

Calorie- amount of energy required to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree celsius
Nutrient- a food substance in food required by living things to keep it alive

Organic Molecules:
Carbohydrates- simple sugar & complex sugar
Proteins
Lipids

Proteins->Amino Acids->New Proteins (amino acids go through dehyrdation synthesis to become new proteins)

New Proteins used for:

• in charge of movement
• chemical reaction (enzymes)
• plan B if there are no carbohydrates
• transport things in and out of the cells

Lipids are broken down and used for:

• insulation for bodies & cells
• storage
• absorb things
• hormones

Carbohydrates are broken down to make energy (ATP) using the process of cellular respiration, or stored in long chains called polysaccherides. Starches from plants; glycogen from animals.

Descibe organic molecules:

• contains carbon
• found in living things
• usually large

List examples of organic molecules:

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• nucleic acids
• lipids

What is a monomer?

• building blocks/sub-units to make macromolecules

What is a polymer?

• many monomers put together

How do monomers relate to polymers?

• monomers make up polymers

What is dehydration synthesis?

• the process by which a polymer is make by removing water

World Geography

Structure of the Earth

I. Inside the Earth

A. Core- solid metallic center of the earth, made up of iron & nickel

B. Mantle- lying on the core, a soft layer of molten rock

1. Magma (molten rock) is created when the mantle melts the underside of the crust

2. crust- thin layer of rock at the earth's surface

II. On and above the earth

A. atmosphere- layer of gases surrounding the earth

1. contains oxygen, protects the earth, provides weather and climate

B. lithosphere- solid rock portion of the earth's surface

1. some is below water, forms the floor of the ocean

2. continents- huge land masses above water

C. hydrosphere- the water elements on earth

1. oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, water in the atmosphere

D. biosphere- the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere together, which is where plants and animals live

E. continental drift- Alfred Wegner- the earth was once a super-continent (Pangea)

1. as the super-continent split, the continents drifted

III. Forces that Shape the Earth

A. Plate Tectonics

1. tectonic plates- enormous moving pieces that form the earth's crust

2. 3 forms of plate movements

a. divergent boundary- plates move apart or spread

b. convergent boundary- plates collide, causing one plate to either dive under or ride up over the other plate

c. transform boundary- plates slide past one another

B. Earthquakes

1. violent movement of the earth that occurs when the plates grind or slip past one another

a. results in the squeezing, stretching, and shearing motions of the earth's crust- causes damage

2. can sometimes cause tsunamis- giant wave in the ocean

C. Volcanoes

1. a crack in the earth's surface where magma, gases, and water pour out of the crust

a. magma that flows slowly then cools is called lava

b. volcanoes do not erupt on a schedule and can be inactive for long periods of time before erupting

4.Ring of Fire- a zone around the rim of the Pacific, location of the vast majority of active volcanoes

a. along plate boundaries

b. Hot Spot- volcano where the crust is very thin and magma melts through- Hawaiian Islands

D. Weathering

1.physical and chemical processes that change characteristices of rock on the earth's surface

a. occurs over many years, creates sediment

2. mechanical weathering- changes the size of the rock

3. chemical weathering- changes the rock into a new substance

E. Erosion

1. when weathered material is moved by the wind, water, ice or gravity- a transporting agent must be present

F. Building Soil

1. process of forming soil caused by weathering and erosion

a. soil is a loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air and water

b. detemine the types of vegetation that can grow in a location

World Geography

Longitude & Time
Some Facts About the Earth, the Sun, and Telling Time:

1. The Earth turns or rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.
2. The direction of the Earth's rotation is counterclockwise; that is, from west to east.
3. In a complete 24-hour rotation the Earth turns 360 degrees. Since there are 24 hours in a day that means that the Earth rotates 15 degrees every hour (360/24= 15 degrees). Each 15 degrees of longitude on a map stands for one hour of time.
4. The Prime Meridian, 0 degrees longitude, is the starting line for telling time on Earth. If it is 12:00 noon on the Prime Meridian, it will be 11:00 am on all the places on the 30 degree west line, and so on all the way to the 180 degree line of longitude.

Conversely, if it is 12:00 noon on the Prime Meridian, it will be 1:00 pm in all places on the 15 degree E line of longitude, and 2:00 pm in all places on the 30 degree E line, and so on to the 180 degree line of longitude.

1. The Earth turns a new "face" to the sun constantly; thus, a person standing on a given line of longitude experiences dawn, then day, then dusk, then night.
2. All of the above applies to solar time. In general, nations follow "sun time," but make time zones within their countries. In doing so, communities within a zone will all have the same time. As persons go from one zone to another they "lose" or "gain" an hour of time depending on whether they are traveling east or west.

Time zones sometimes have irregular dividing lines to avoid dividing communities or states. If this were not done one side of a street could have one time, the other side could have another.

1. Time zones are generally shown on Mercator-type maps where the lines of longitude are shown as parallel, thus making for easier reading.

Algebra I

• equation- mathematical statement with a = sign
• open sentence- a statement with 1 or more variables
• solution- number that makes an open sentence true, the replacement value, any number(s) that produces a true statement when it is substituted for a variable in an equation or inequality (ex. x<5,>
• checking a solution- substituting the number into the equation to see if it makes the statement true
• replacement set- a set of #'s to substitute a variable
• set- a collection of numbers
• element- each member (number) of a set
• solution set- element that's true

Applying the distributive property-

3(7-5)=3x7-3x5

Journalism

Associated Press

• started in May 1848, shortly after the telegraph
• joint effort among NY newspapers to make telegraphy affordable
• 6 highly competitive papers
• today it's the world's largest news organization providing coverage of news, sports, busines, weather, entertainment, politics, & technology
• 15,000 news outlets, reaches one billion people, 120 nations
• 3,500 employees

AP Style Rules

• months- spell out when using alone or with just the year (Ex. January 1979 was a cold month. Jan. 2 was the coldest day of the month. Feb 14, 1987, was the target date.) never abbreviate March, April, May, June or July

Datelines

• No state to follow large cities
• cities in caps, state (Ex. St. PAUL-Minn.; NEW ORLEANS)
• Always spell out Texas
• In a Texas newspaper, no need to follow the city with Texas (Ex. KELLER)

English

Title: Examine the title of the poem BEFORE reading the poem. What do the words suggest to you? What denotations are presented in the title? What connotations or associations do the words possess?

Paraphrase: Translate the poem into your own words. DON NOT interpret anything at this point. You must look for the literal before theinterpretive. What is the poem literally about?

Connotation: Now examine the poem for meaning behind the literal. Things to examine include: form, diction, imagery, p.o.v., allusions, symbolism, figurative language, sound devices, etc.

Attitude: What is the speaker's attitude? How does the speaker feel about himself, others, and the subject? What is the author's attitude? How does the author feel about the speaker, other characters, the subject, and the reader? Remember: do not confuse the author with the speaker.

Shift: Where do the shifts in tone, setting, voice, etc. occur? Look for time and place, keywords, punctuations, stanza divisions, etc. What is the purpose of each shift? How does each contribute to the effect and meaning?

Title: Examine the title again...on an interpretive level. What part does the title play in the overall interpretation of the poem?

Theme: What is the poet's message about the poem's subject(s)? Remember: the theme must always be expressed in a complete sentence.

T.P. C.A.S.T.T.

English

Plot:

• exposition- beginning of story
• rising action- conflicts leading to climax
• climax- turning point: most intense point
• falling action- all action or conflict following the climax
• resolution- conclusion: tying together all the threads
• classic conflict- between two persons: man vs. man
• man vs. nature- characters in conflict with nature which serves as an antagonist
• man vs. society- character in conflict with the community
• man vs. self- inner conflict within one man

beginning/exposition-> rising action-> middle-> falling action-> end/resolution

climax

Spanish

Numbers:

• cero- zero
• uno- one
• dos- two
• tres- three
• cuatro- four
• cinco- five
• seis- six
• siete- seven
• ocho- eight
• nueve- nine
• diez- ten
• once- eleven
• doce- twelve
• trece- thirteen
• catorce- fourteen
• quince- fifteen
• dieciseis- sixteen
• diecisiete- seventeen
• dieciocho- eighteen
• diecinueve- nineteen
• veinte-twenty
• veintiuno- twenty-one
• treinta- thirty
• treinta y uno- thirty-one
• cuarenta- forty
• cinquenta- fifty
• sesenta- sixty
• setenta- seventy
• ochenta- eighty
• noventa- ninety
• cien- one hundred
• dos ciento- two hundred
• quinceinto- five hundred
• seis ciento- six hundred

Jounalism

Inverted Pyramid:

The Lead- who & what
The Body- facts, direct quotes, & more facts
Conclusion- sometimes it's a direct quote

-Telegraph- invented in 1845 by Samuel Morse
-It was a new kind of writing (faster, more concise)
-Stories would be brief, for a national audience & without partisanship (without opinion, unbiased, & objective)
-forced objective news
-reading easier & faster
-enables the hurried reader to get all the important fafcts
-satisfies curiosity

Tips:
-put most important facts
-arrange the paragraphs in descending order of importance: chronological order
-requires the writer to rank the importance of info.

Lead:
-simple clear statement consisting of the 1st paragraph: 5 w's (what, where, when, who, why) and h (how)
-decide: so what? who cares?
-summary lead

Body:
-introduce additional info.
-elaborate on the info. presented in the lead
-introduce new info order of importance
-use only 1 new idea in each paragraph

Biology Pre-AP

Mass- the quantity of matter or the measure of the amount of "stuff" in something, in the metric system mass is measured by kilograms

Weight- the force that the earth pulls on the mass (the force of gravity on mass) and since force is measured by newtons so is weight

Density- mass per volume

Solutions- groups of molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution
-it can be solids dissolved in liquids
-it can also be gases in gases or liquids in liquids
-solute- the substance to be dissolved
-solvent- the one doing the dissolving

Surface Tension- the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water
-surface tension is related to the cohesive properties of water
-capillary action is related to the adhesive properties of water
-the thinner the tube/straw the higher up capillary action will occur

Five States of Matter- solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, & Bose-Einstein: also know as phases
-one compound or element can move from phase to phase and still be the same substance

Kinetic Energy- motion
-electrical energy- the movement of electrical charge, everything is made of particles called atoms
-radiant energy- electromagnetic energy that travels in tranverse waves

Potential Energy- has the potential to be in motion
-chemical energy- stored in bonds of atoms and molecules
-nuclear energy- energy in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons/Protons
-if an atom is neutral it has the same # of prontons (+) as electrons (-)

Periodic Table
-symbol- 1 or 2 letter abbreviation derived from Latin or English
-name- elements common name
-atomic number- equal to the # of protons in the nucleus as well as the # of electrons in the electons cloud
atomic mass- weighted average of the masses of the elements isotopes (one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers)

Extra
-acid- a solution that has an excess of H+ ions
-base- a solution that has an excess of oh- ions
-neutral- a solution that has a pH of 7, neither acid or base
-atoms- basis of chemistry
-covalent bonds- electrons are shared
-electrovalent bonds- electrons are given up

Health

I. Building You Self-Esteem
a. People who have high self-esteem respect themselves and others, reach their goals, recover from disappointment and feel valuable to family and community.
b. Our self-esteem is influenced by the message we receive about ourselves.
c. You can improve your self-esteem by using self-talk, acting with integrity, choosing supportive friends, and accepting yourself.

II. Using Good Communication Skills
a. Communication is important for avoiding misunderstandings building our relationships, and expressing our feelings.
b. Assertive communication is the most effective way to communicate because it's direct and respective to others.
c. When using good speaking skills be aware of your voice volume, tone, and pitch. Also, use "I" message and show empathy.
d. Some examples of good listening skills are maintaining eye contact, nodding your head and paraphrasing.
e. Misunderstandings can happen if your body language communicates a different message than what you say.

III. Mental and Emotional Health
a. People who have positive mental health, have high-esteem, meet daily challenges, and develop healthy relationships.
b. The five stages of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are the physical, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization stages.
c. You can learn to express your emotions in a positive way by practicing a positive example of expressing that emotion.
d. You can manage your emotions by talking about your feelings with others by blowing off steam, and by expressing your emotions creatively.
e. Defense Mechanisms are often ineffective ways of dealing with unpleasant emotions.

IV. Understanding Mental Disorders
a. A mental disorder is an illness of mind that affects thinking behavior and mood. A mental disorder makes dealing with everyday routines difficult.
b. Learning about symptons of mental disorders is importantfor identifying the disorder and getting help.
c. Many mental disorders can be caused by heredity, by injury, by physical illness, or by traumatic experiences.
d. Three forms of treatment for mental disorders are psychotherapy, group therapy, and medication.

World Geography Pre-AP

Tools of the Geographer

I. Maps & Globes

A. 2 or 3 dimensions
1. Globe- 3D
a. see the Earth as a whole
b. little distortion
c. impractical- not portable
2. Maps
a. very portable and can be drawn to any scale
b. a lot of distortion because the earth is round and when flattened, it doesn't look the same
1. distortion is reduced by using different sorts of maps
a. map projection: a way of drawing earth's surface that reduces distortion
c. types of maps
1. general reference (topographical) map: representation of natural and man-made
features on the earth
2. thematic maps: emphasizes specific kinds of information
3. navigation maps: maps that pilots and sailors use

B. how maps are made
1. surveying
a. observe, measure and record what's seen in a specific area
b. mostly done using satellites and aerial photography
c. info. gathered:
1. elevation
2. differences in land cover
3. variations in temperature
2. GPS
a. uses 24 satellites that beams the exact location to a hand held receiver