-Ecology-the study of organisms and their interaction with the environment
-Biosphere-the region of the earth that supports all living things
- Includes all land, air, and water in which an organism lives
- Everything an organism needs to survive
- Natural resources are the products of the environment used by living things
-Biotic Factors-living things (plants, animals, trees)
-Abiotic Factors-nonliving parts (water, soil, houses)
-Ecosystems-large areas that contain groups of organisms living and interacting with one another, includes all biotic and abiotic factors of that area
-Every organism in an ecosystem has a niche (or a job) and that job has an effect on everyone in that ecosystem
Biomes
*Terrestrial-rainforest, tundra, taiga, desert, grassland, deciduous forest
*Aquatic
- Marine-oceans, tropical (coral reefs)
- Freshwater-wetlands, lakes/ponds/rivers/streams
Biome Maps:
Ecological Succession
-Community-all organisms living in an area
-Succession-a process in which a community develops
Levels of Succession
-Primary Succession-no existing community, life begins to develop
-Pioneer Community-the first organism to develop and occupy an area
- (Ex. 1: lichens, mosses, grass)
- (Ex. 2: an abiotic lake left behind by a retreating glacier; wind-borne spores of bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa drift into the water and germinate in the new sediment)
-Secondary-growth that occurs in an area where there is an existing community that has been partially destroyed (Ex: natural forest fires: shrubs, trees, flowers)
-Climax Community-a community that achieves relative stability (Ex. redwood forest)
- also has a lot of biodiversity
Levels of Organization
Type of interaction:
- Competition-competition from 1 or more species for 1 or more to the limited resources it needs
- Predation-organism kill and consumes the other organism for nutrients and energy; Ex: lion & elk; Code: + -
- Parasitism-organism benefits while the other organism is harmed; Ex: tick & dog; Code: + -
- Mutualism-bother species benefit from this relationship; Ex: bees & flowers; Code: + +
- Commensalism-one organism is nuetral and the other is receiving benefits; Ex: shark & cleaning fish; Code: + 0
* + means beneficial, - means harmful, 0 means neutral (neither helping nor harming)
-Symbiosis-a close relationship between 2 organisms
- Three types of symbiosis is mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.
-Mimicry-when one organism take the appearance of another organism
-Exponential Growth-the rate of growth of one generation is a multiple of the previous generation
- Influences on exponential growth: emigration & immigration
-Carrying Capacity-the number of organisms supported by the environmental resources in an ecosystem
- Limiting Factors: predation, disease, competition, and emigration
- Random Changes: natural disaster, climate changes, weather, and requirements for growth
Population Statistics
- Growth rate=change in # of individuals/time
- Natality rate=# of births/time
- Mortality rate=# of deaths/time
- Population growth: natality>mortality
- Population stable/constant=natality=mortality
- Emigration=movement of organims out of an area
- Immigration=movement of organisms into an area
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